The 'Japan Problem' in science and technology and basic research as a culture

This paper analyses the 'Japan Problem' in science and technology from the viewpoint of the cultural factors involved. The selective use of contrary images of society depending on social context gives rise to a self-amplification of the problem. The paper critically examines what such generating mechanisms imply for a linear model connecting scientific, technological and economic performances. By focusing on the Science and Technology Basic Law and Plan approved in Japan in 1995 and 1996, it argues that measures taken for the promotion of basic research and creativity without giving due consideration to the relevant cultural factors provide an unsound basis for evaluating basic research. The paper argues that self-organisation by self-reference could provide an important general principle for human-centred science and technology policy, and especially policy for basic research. © 1999 Springer-Verlag London Limited.