A novel antiestrogen agent Shikonin inhibits estrogen-dependent gene transcription in human breast cancer cells

Shikonin (SK) has been isolated and identified as a key bioactive component in an herbal plant, Shikon (gromwell). In this study, we investigated antiestrogen activity of SK in breast cancer cells. In human breast cancer cells, we observed that treatment with SK inhibits tumor cell growth in estrogen receptor α (ERα)-positive, but not ERα-negative breast cancer cells. Estrogen-dependent cell growth was inhibited by co-treatment with SK. A potential molecular mechanism by which SK inhibits estrogen action was explored. We found that SK has no effect on ERα mRNA expression, but decreases its protein level. This effect is associated with an increase in ubiquitinated ERα for degradation. Our results suggest that SK downregulates ERα protein through a proteasome-mediated pathway. We also found that the treatment with SK inhibits estrogen-induced estrogen response elements reporter gene activity. Furthermore, SK inhibits recruitment of ERα at the estrogen-dependent gene promoters, and subsequently suppresses gene expression. Finally, co-treatment with SK enhanced sensitivity of breast cancer cells to endocrine therapy. Collectively, our studies suggested that SK has a potential for antihormone therapy in ERα-positive breast cancer cells, and should serve as a target for new drug developments.