Aflatoxins are one of the major environmental contaminants in animal feed and pose a potential threat to human health due to their secretion in the milk of lactating animals. The present study was conducted with the objectives to determine the occurrence of aflatoxins (B1, B2, G1, and G2) in dairy animal concentrate feed and to evaluate the effect of season, spatial variation, and dairy farm size on the levels of aflatoxins contamination. A total of 189 dairy animal concentrate feed samples were tested for aflatoxins with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) as screening and high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (HPLC-FLD) as confirmatory techniques. Of the total, 59% feed samples were found positive for aflatoxins, while 44% samples were detected with total aflatoxins levels higher than the tolerance limit established by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and 58% samples were found with aflatoxins B1 (AFB1) levels above the European Commission (EC) legal limit. AFB1 levels in dairy animal concentrate feed were found significantly higher during rainy (41.6 μg kg−1) and winter (35.9 μg kg−1) seasons as compared to the summer season (25.5 μg kg−1). The theoretical extrapolation of the AFB1 carry-over from animal feed to milk (aflatoxins M1) in different seasons may lead to 50–100% contamination of milk at levels above the EC tolerance limit. The incidence and levels of aflatoxins especially AFB1 in animal feed, not only pose a direct effect on animals but may also pose a concern for food safety in relation to the occurrence of aflatoxins M1 in milk. Therefore, continuous surveillance of aflatoxins in dairy animal feeds is required to reduce animal and consequently human exposure.
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Guru Angad Dev Vet & Anim Sci Univ, Coll Vet Sci, Sch Publ Hlth & Zoonoses, Ludhiana 141004, Punjab, India
CGKV, Coll Vet Sci & AH, Dept Vet Publ Hlth & Epidemiol, Durg 491001, Chhattisgarh, IndiaGuru Angad Dev Vet & Anim Sci Univ, Coll Vet Sci, Sch Publ Hlth & Zoonoses, Ludhiana 141004, Punjab, India
Patyal, Anil
Gill, Jatinder Paul Singh
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Guru Angad Dev Vet & Anim Sci Univ, Coll Vet Sci, Sch Publ Hlth & Zoonoses, Ludhiana 141004, Punjab, IndiaGuru Angad Dev Vet & Anim Sci Univ, Coll Vet Sci, Sch Publ Hlth & Zoonoses, Ludhiana 141004, Punjab, India
Gill, Jatinder Paul Singh
Bedi, Jasbir Singh
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Guru Angad Dev Vet & Anim Sci Univ, Coll Vet Sci, Sch Publ Hlth & Zoonoses, Ludhiana 141004, Punjab, IndiaGuru Angad Dev Vet & Anim Sci Univ, Coll Vet Sci, Sch Publ Hlth & Zoonoses, Ludhiana 141004, Punjab, India
Bedi, Jasbir Singh
Aulakh, Rabinder Singh
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Guru Angad Dev Vet & Anim Sci Univ, Coll Vet Sci, Sch Publ Hlth & Zoonoses, Ludhiana 141004, Punjab, IndiaGuru Angad Dev Vet & Anim Sci Univ, Coll Vet Sci, Sch Publ Hlth & Zoonoses, Ludhiana 141004, Punjab, India
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Guru Angad Dev Vet & Anim Sci Univ, Ctr One Hlth, Coll Vet Sci, Ludhiana 141004, Punjab, IndiaGuru Angad Dev Vet & Anim Sci Univ, Ctr One Hlth, Coll Vet Sci, Ludhiana 141004, Punjab, India
Thukral, H.
Dhaka, P.
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Guru Angad Dev Vet & Anim Sci Univ, Ctr One Hlth, Coll Vet Sci, Ludhiana 141004, Punjab, IndiaGuru Angad Dev Vet & Anim Sci Univ, Ctr One Hlth, Coll Vet Sci, Ludhiana 141004, Punjab, India
Dhaka, P.
Bedi, J. Singh
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Guru Angad Dev Vet & Anim Sci Univ, Ctr One Hlth, Coll Vet Sci, Ludhiana 141004, Punjab, IndiaGuru Angad Dev Vet & Anim Sci Univ, Ctr One Hlth, Coll Vet Sci, Ludhiana 141004, Punjab, India
Bedi, J. Singh
Aulakh, R. Singh
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Guru Angad Dev Vet & Anim Sci Univ, Ctr One Hlth, Coll Vet Sci, Ludhiana 141004, Punjab, IndiaGuru Angad Dev Vet & Anim Sci Univ, Ctr One Hlth, Coll Vet Sci, Ludhiana 141004, Punjab, India
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Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad
Department of Food Science, Cornell University, IthacaDepartment of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad
Iqbal S.Z.
Paterson R.R.M.
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IBB-Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre of Biological Engineering, Universidade Do MinhoDepartment of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad
Paterson R.R.M.
Bhatti I.A.
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Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Agriculture FaisalabadDepartment of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad
Bhatti I.A.
Asi M.R.
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Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology (NIAB) FaisalabadDepartment of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad