Geography, geology and ecology influence population genetic diversity and structure in the endangered endemic Azorean Ammi (Apiaceae)

Three Azorean endemic Ammi species were initially described: Ammi trifoliatum (Wats.) Trel., Ammi seubertianum (Wats.) Trel. and Ammi huntii (Wats.) Trel. Many taxonomic changes have been conducted, and one to three species have been considered. Two species are currently accepted: A. trifoliatum, which occurs in almost every island, and A. seubertianum, with a narrower distribution. In this research, the population genetic diversity and structure of the Azorean Ammi species were assessed using eight specifically designed SSR markers. A wide sampling of A. seubertianum and A. trifoliatum was conducted in seven Azorean islands, and four A. huntii herbarium samples were also included to further contribute to the taxonomy of this genus in Azores. Flores populations showed the highest genetic diversity, while North of Topo, in São Jorge, showed the lowest. None of the populations analysed displayed signs of putative inbreeding. The population genetic structure analyses conducted partially provided support for the two currently accepted species, but other possible cryptic taxa may also be present. The complex clustering obtained seems to result from a combined action of geography, geology and ecology, and although island-specific genetic patterns were found, environmental conditions connected to different altitudes and the existence of micro-niches may also play an important role. A thorough morphological revision and ecophysiological studies should be conducted to clarify the number of endemic taxonomic entities present in the Azores archipelago.