An optimized fractional order cascade controller for frequency regulation of power system with renewable energies and electric vehicles

The amalgamation of the various renewable energy sources to the grid reduces the dependence on non-renewable energy sources for power requirements. The introduction of electric vehicles (EV), not only further reduces the burden on these non-renewables and renewables but also provides better stability fluctuated by load demands. This paper presents automatic generation control (AGC) of a two-area thermal system with a stab for incorporating EV within them and analyze its impact alongside other renewables. The performances of proportional integral-proportional derivative (PI-PD), proportional plus Integral (PI), proportional plus integral plus derivative (PID) and fractional-order proportional integral-fractional-order proportional derivative (FOPI-FOPD) controller are evaluated in the system without incorporation EV. The supremacy of FOPI-FOPD is limpidly revealed over others during the analysis. The superior FOPI-FOPD controller is then used to analyze the system with incorporation EVs. Extensive simulations and comparisons are provided to justify the competency of the EVs when incorporated in the system with other renewables. The optimization of controller parameters is performed using the Sine Cosine Algorithm, and the system is analyzed considering a step load perturbation of 5% in area1. All simulation works are performed in MATLAB/Simulink platform.