ENSO and non-ENSO induced charging and discharging of the equatorial Pacific

It is well established that variations in extratropical North Pacific wind stress fields can influence the state of the tropical Pacific 12–15 months prior to the maturation of boreal winter El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events. While most research has focused on accompanying variations in the North Pacific trade winds and underlying sea surface temperatures that subsequently shift equatorward via anomalous air–sea interactions—e.g. meridional mode dynamics—observational and numerical model analyses indicate empirical and dynamical links exist between these same trade-wind variations and concurrent changes in subsurface temperatures across the equatorial Pacific, which can also serve as a key initiator of ENSO events. This paper shows that within an observationally-constrained ocean reanalysis dataset this initiation mechanism—termed the trade-wind charging (TWC) mechanism—is induced by the second leading mode of boreal winter zonal wind stress variability over the tropical Pacific and operates separately from ENSO-induced recharge/discharge of the equatorial Pacific heat content. The paper then examines the characteristics and evolution of the ENSO and TWC modes. Results indicate that the oceanic evolution for both modes is consistent with wind stress induced vertically-integrated, meridional mass transport into and out of the equatorial Pacific—i.e. a charging and discharging of the equatorial Pacific—despite having distinctly different wind stress anomaly patterns. The process-based similarity between these two modes of tropical Pacific wind stress variability suggests that both can produce a charging/discharging of the equatorial Pacific, however one (the ENSO mode) represents part of the ENSO cycle itself and the other (the TWC mode) represents a separate forcing mechanism of that cycle.