Direct somatic embryogenesis and flow cytometric assessment of ploidy stability in regenerants of Caladium × hortulanum ‘Fancy’

Caladium × hortulanum ‘Fancy’ is an important ornamental plant grown in pots and landscapes and known for its colorful leaves often used for interior decorations. In this work, we present a method of in vitro regeneration from three explants source through direct somatic embryogenesis (DSE) wherein the regenerated plants were screened for ploidy changes through flow cytometry analysis. Tuber, leaf and petiole explants were cultured on MS basal medium supplemented with 1-napthalene acetic acid (NAA), 6-benzyl amino purine (BAP) and N-phenyl-N’-1, 2,3-thiadiazol-5-ylurea (TDZ) concentrations. Tuber explants induced highest direct somatic embryos on NAA (1 mg L− 1) + BAP (0.5 mg L− 1) with 55.6 mean number of embryos per explant while as leaf and petiole explants amended with 1 mg L− 1 TDZ developed 18.7 and 12.27 mean number of embryos per explant respectively. The highest embryo conversion frequency was achieved on BAP (2 mg L− 1) + NAA (0.2 mg L− 1) with 44.2, 18.7 and 7.5 mean number of plantlets produced per tuber, leaf and petiole explant respectively after 4 weeks of culture. Plantlets were later rooted and maximum number of roots (6.33) per shoot was achieved on 2 mg L− 1 indolebutyric acid amended medium. Description of the process of DSE is presented through the histological and SEM evidences. The 2C DNA content of field grown plants and the DSE regenerants evaluated under flow cytometric analysis were 8.06 pg and 8.28 pg respectively showing no ploidy changes. Hence, a successful protocol of inducing direct somatic embryos from three explant types with efficient embryo conversion frequency was obtained with regenerants showing similar DNA ploidy as that of their parent plants.