Electrochemical behavior of a covalently modified glassy carbon electrode with aspartic acid and its use for voltammetric differentiation of dopamine and ascorbic acid

Aspartic acid was covalently grafted on to a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) by amine cation radical formation in the electrooxidation of the amino-containing compound. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic (XPS) measurement and cyclic voltammetric experiments proved the aspartic acid was immobilized as a monolayer on the GCE. Electron transfer to Fe(CN)64− in solution of different pH was studied by cyclic voltammetry. Changes in solution pH resulted in the variation of the charge state of the terminal group; surface pKa values were estimated on the basis of these results. Because of electrostatic interactions between the negatively charged groups on the electrode surface and dopamine (DA) and ascorbic acid (AA), the modified electrode was used for electrochemical differentiation between DA and AA. The peak current for DA at the modified electrode was greatly enhanced and that for AA was significantly reduced, which enabled determination of DA in the presence of AA. The differential pulse voltammetric (DPV) peak current was linearly dependent on DA concentration over the range 1.8×10−6–4.6×10−4 mol L−1 with slope (nA μmol−1 L) and intercept (nA) of 47.6 and 49.2, respectively. The detection limit (3δ) was 1.2×10−6 mol L−1. The high selectivity and sensitivity for dopamine was attributed to charge discrimination and analyte accumulation. The modified electrode has been used for determination of DA in samples, in the presence of AA, with satisfactory results.