Acute psychoactive and toxic effects of D. metel on mice explained by 1H NMR based metabolomics approach

Datura metel L. (D. metel) is one well-known folk medical herb with wide application and also the most abused plants all over the world, mainly for spiritual or religious purpose, over-dosing of which often produces poisonous effects. In this study, mice were orally administered with the extract of D. metel once a day at doses for 10 mg/kg and 40 mg/kg for consecutive 4 days, 1H NMR based metabolomics approach aided with histopathological inspection and biochemical assays were used for the first time to study the psychoactive and toxic effects of D. metel. Histopathological inspection revealed obvious hypertrophy of hepatocytes, karyolysis and karyorrhexis in livers as well as distinct nerve cell edema, chromatolysis and lower nuclear density in brains. The increased tissue level of methane dicarboxylic aldehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), decreased tissue level of glutathione (GSH) along with increased serum level of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) suggested brain and liver injury induced by D. metel. Orthogonal signal correction–partial least squares–discriminant analysis (OSC–PLS–DA) of NMR profiles supplemented with correlation network analysis revealed significant altered metabolites and related pathway that contributed to oxidative stress, energy metabolism disturbances, neurotransmitter imbalance and amino acid metabolism disorders.