Pneumococcal vaccination status among cirrhotic patients in Italy: a neglected topic

To date, few reports have evaluated the pneumococcal vaccination status in cirrhotic patients. No data are available for European countries. We have explored this topic and the potential independent predictors motivating lack of vaccination in Italy. Between January 1st and June 30th 2022, 1419 cirrhotic patients of any etiology were consecutively enrolled in an observational, prospective study at 8 referral centers in Italy. Adjusted odds ratios (ORs) for the association with lack of vaccination were evaluated by multiple logistic regression analysis. Overall vaccine coverage was 17.9% (8.9% in patients < 65 years of age and 27.1% in those aged ≥ 65 years; p < 0.001). Among the 1165 unvaccinated patients, 1068 (91.7%) reported lack of information regarding vaccination as the reason for not having undergone vaccination. Independent predictors associated with lack of vaccination were age < 65 years (OR 3.39, CI 95% 2.41–4.76) and a higher number of schooling years (OR 2.14, CI 95% 1.58–2.91); alcoholic etiology resulted only marginally associated (OR 1.91, CI 95% 1.03–3.52). These findings establish evidence on how pneumococcal vaccination status in Italy is largely suboptimal among cirrhotic patients. These results raise concern, considering the severe outcomes of pneumococcal infection in patients with chronic liver diseases.