Restriction factors of retroviral replication: the example of Tripartite Motif (TRIM) protein 5α and 22

Viral tropism, replication, and pathogenesis are determined by multiple interactions between the pathogen and the host. In the case of retroviruses, and in particular, the human immunodeficiency virus, the specific interaction of the envelope protein with the host receptors and co-receptors is essential to gain entry in the cells. After entry, the success of retroviruses to complete their life cycle depends on a complex interplay between the virus and host proteins. Indeed, the cell environment is endowed with a number of factors that actively block distinct stage(s) in the microbial life cycle. Among these restriction factors, Tripartite Motif-5α (TRIM5α) has been extensively studied; however, other TRIM family members have been demonstrated to be anti-retroviral effector proteins. This article reviews, in particular, the current knowledge on the anti-retroviral effects of TRIM5α and TRIM22.