Toxicity, residue, degradation and detection methods of the insecticide triazophos

Organophosphorus pesticides were widely used in agricultural production and in public health as insecticides and acaricides. Triazophos, an organophosphorus insecticide widely used in developing countries, has been found in agricultural products and the environment. Additionally, triazophos is toxic for aquatic organisms and poses a  risk of dietary exposure. This article reviews the toxicity, the residues in agricultural products, water and soil, exposure risk, metabolism, microbial degradation, hydrolysis, and photolytic and detection methods of triazophos. Commonly used methods for triazophos detection include chromatography-mass spectrometry and rapid methods based on antigen–antibody reactions. China had made many advances in studying triazophos-degrading bacteria and rapid detection methods of triazophos residues. We also found that triazophos causes oxidative stress, cell damage and tissue injury in animals through neurotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, reproductive toxicity and genotoxicity.