A phase I open-label study of the safety and efficacy of apatinib (rivoceranib) administered to patients with advanced malignancies to improve sensitivity to pembrolizumab in the second- or later-line setting (APPEASE)

Iwai Y(2002)Involvement of PD - L1 on tumor cells in the escape from host immune system and tumor immunotherapy by PD - L1 blockade Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 99 12293-7

Ishida M(2017)Nivolumab in patients with advanced gastric or gastro - oesophageal junction cancer refractory to, or intolerant of, at least two previous chemotherapy regimens (ONO - 4538 - 12, ATTRACTION - 2): a randomised, double - blind, placebo - controlled, phase 3 trial Lancet 390 2461-71

Tanaka Y(2020)Efficacy and safety of pembrolizumab or pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy vs chemotherapy alone for patients with first - line, advanced gastric cancer: the KEYNOTE - 062 phase 3 randomized clinical trial JAMA Oncol 6 1571-80

Okazaki T(2018)Pembrolizumab versus paclitaxel for previously treated, advanced gastric or gastro - oesophageal junction cancer (KEYNOTE - 061): a randomised, open - label, controlled, phase 3 trial Lancet 392 123-33

Honjo T(2018)Atezolizumab versus chemotherapy in patients with platinum - treated locally advanced or metastatic urothelial carcinoma (IMvigor211): a multicentre, open - label, phase 3 randomised controlled trial Lancet 391 748-57

Minato N(2020)Durvalumab alone and durvalumab plus tremelimumab versus chemotherapy in previously untreated patients with unresectable, locally advanced or metastatic urothelial carcinoma (DANUBE): a randomised, open - label, multicentre, phase 3 trial Lancet Oncol 21 1574-88

Kang YK(2017)Pembrolizumab as second - line therapy for advanced urothelial carcinoma N Engl J Med 376 1015-26

Boku N(2019)VEGF in Signaling and Disease: Beyond Discovery and Development Cell 176 1248-64

Satoh T(2014)Tumor endothelium FasL establishes a selective immune barrier promoting tolerance in tumors Nat Med 20 607-15

Ryu MH(1996)Production of vascular endothelial growth factor by human tumors inhibits the functional maturation of dendritic cells Nat Med 2 1096-103

Iwai Y(2002)Involvement of PD - L1 on tumor cells in the escape from host immune system and tumor immunotherapy by PD - L1 blockade Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 99 12293-7

Ishida M(2017)Nivolumab in patients with advanced gastric or gastro - oesophageal junction cancer refractory to, or intolerant of, at least two previous chemotherapy regimens (ONO - 4538 - 12, ATTRACTION - 2): a randomised, double - blind, placebo - controlled, phase 3 trial Lancet 390 2461-71

Tanaka Y(2020)Efficacy and safety of pembrolizumab or pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy vs chemotherapy alone for patients with first - line, advanced gastric cancer: the KEYNOTE - 062 phase 3 randomized clinical trial JAMA Oncol 6 1571-80

Okazaki T(2018)Pembrolizumab versus paclitaxel for previously treated, advanced gastric or gastro - oesophageal junction cancer (KEYNOTE - 061): a randomised, open - label, controlled, phase 3 trial Lancet 392 123-33

Honjo T(2018)Atezolizumab versus chemotherapy in patients with platinum - treated locally advanced or metastatic urothelial carcinoma (IMvigor211): a multicentre, open - label, phase 3 randomised controlled trial Lancet 391 748-57

Minato N(2020)Durvalumab alone and durvalumab plus tremelimumab versus chemotherapy in previously untreated patients with unresectable, locally advanced or metastatic urothelial carcinoma (DANUBE): a randomised, open - label, multicentre, phase 3 trial Lancet Oncol 21 1574-88

Kang YK(2017)Pembrolizumab as second - line therapy for advanced urothelial carcinoma N Engl J Med 376 1015-26

Boku N(2019)VEGF in Signaling and Disease: Beyond Discovery and Development Cell 176 1248-64

Satoh T(2014)Tumor endothelium FasL establishes a selective immune barrier promoting tolerance in tumors Nat Med 20 607-15

Ryu MH(1996)Production of vascular endothelial growth factor by human tumors inhibits the functional maturation of dendritic cells Nat Med 2 1096-103