Preclinical and clinical combination therapies in the treatment of anaplastic thyroid cancer

Anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) is the most aggressive form of thyroid cancer, and novel therapies are urgently needed to prolong patient survival and improve clinical outcomes. Very few scientific reviews have examined the literature on combination therapies with the goal of describing the available preclinical and clinical data and suggesting future clinical combination treatment schedules. The present review focuses on preclinical and clinical studies of drug combination therapies in ATC. The relevant literature from PubMed and Scopus was reviewed in this article; the ClinicalTrials.gov database was searched for clinical trials not yet published. Recent data from preclinical models strongly support the idea that combination treatments that utilize drugs from different antineoplastic classes have synergistic antitumour activity in ATC. However, rapid translation of these therapies into the clinic is impeded by the difficulty in recruiting enough patients for randomized clinical trials. Although promising results have been obtained in preclinical studies, additional clinical research is required to elucidate the efficacy of combination treatments for clinical practice.