Sonographic evaluation of oesophageal atresia and tracheo-oesophageal fistula

Background: Oesophageal atresia and tracheo-oesophageal fistula (TOF) in neonates and young infants is routinely diagnosed using frontal and lateral chest radiographs in the former and fluoroscopic studies in the latter. Objective: The aim of the study was to assess whether a combination of mediastinal and abdominal sonography can be used for the diagnosis of these anomalies in paediatric patients. Material and methods: Sonography was performed in 16 neonates (age range 1–20 days; mean 4 days) with radiologically confirmed oesophageal atresia or isolated TOF. A small volume of saline solution was instilled into the blind upper oesophageal pouch to document its extension. Results: Sonography identified 11 neonates with the most common type of oesophageal atresia (type IIIb), one patient with type II and one with type IIIa anomaly. The length of the upper pouch and the features of its wall were clearly documented in all cases. In one case, two upper TOF were first diagnosed by mediastinal sonography and later confirmed by fluoroscopy. In two of three cases with isolated TOF, the fistula could be located sonographically by detecting moving air bubbles. In all cases the position of the aortic arch, as well as associated malformations, could be documented during a single US examination. Conclusions: These results indicate that mediastinal sonography is a useful tool for the diagnosis of oesophageal atresia and, if air bubbles can be detected, isolated TOF.