Stimulant use and bone health in US children and adolescents: analysis of the NHANES data

Stimulants have become the most popular psychopharmacologic drugs used in therapy for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Childhood and adolescence are crucial periods for optimizing bone health to prevent osteoporosis-related fractures in old age. However, controversy remains regarding the relationship between stimulant use and bone health. The present study was designed to examine the bone mineral content (BMC) and bone mineral density (BMD) of 5472 individuals aged 8–16 years with or without stimulant use based on National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2011–2018 data and to further assess the association between stimulant use and bone health. Among these, 284 (5.2%) participants were using stimulants. In analyses stratified by sex, the BMC and BMD at the level of the lumbar spine, pelvis, and total body were generally lower among stimulant users than among nonusers in males (all P < 0.001), while the differences were not statistically significant in females. In multivariable linear regression models, the increasing range of BMCs and BMDs with age was lower in participants using stimulants than in those not using stimulants after fully adjusting for potential confounding factors. Compared to participants not using stimulants, stimulant use ≥ 3 months was associated with significantly lower BMCs [lumbar spine: β =  − 1.35, (95% CI: − 2.56, − 0.14); pelvis: β =  − 9.06, (95% CI: − 15.21, − 2.91); and total: β =  − 52.96, (95% CI: − 85.87, − 20.04)] and BMDs [pelvis: β =  − 0.03, (95% CI: − 0.04, − 0.01), total: β =  − 0.01, (95% CI: − 0.02, − 0.00)].