Deserts are typically governed by bottom-up forces and are predicted to be further depleted of their resources, exacerbating extinction risk for local wildlife populations. Additionally, human populations living in these ecosystems are predicted to increase, exposing wildlife to additional human-induced top-down constraints and intensifying human-wildlife conflicts. We aim to investigate how surface water availability, forage availability and other landscape factors shape the spatial arrangement of large herbivore populations in a desert region, and to explore wildlife-livestock co-occurrence patterns to inform coexistence strategies that maximize conservation outputs. We fitted Bayesian zero-inflated binomial N-mixture models (Kéry and Royle 2015) to group count data collected over a 4 year period in the northern Namib desert (Iona National Park, Angola), and found that Hartmann’s mountain zebra and gemsbok preferentially forage in suboptimal low productivity flat areas, away from human activities. Conversely, springbok preferentially occurred in more productive and relatively rugged terrain. We also found a reliance of Hartmann’s mountain zebra on natural water sources (βDistWater=-1.04±0.26\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${\beta }_{DistWater}=-1.04\pm 0.26$$\end{document} and βDistWater=-0.77±0.20,\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${\beta }_{DistWater}=-0.77\pm 0.20,$$\end{document} for dry and wet seasons, respectively), and a weaker reliance by gemsbok (βDistWater=0.20±0.10\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${\beta }_{DistWater}=0.20\pm 0.10$$\end{document} and βDistWater=-0.15±0.10\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${\beta }_{DistWater}=-0.15\pm 0.10$$\end{document}, respectively for dry and wet seasons). Conversely, we found springbok to forage further from available water (βDistWater=0.43±0.05\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${\beta }_{DistWater}=0.43\pm 0.05$$\end{document} and βDistWater=0.26±0.06\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${\beta }_{DistWater}=0.26\pm 0.06$$\end{document}, for dry and wet seasons, respectively), suggesting this species may be able to balance hydric requirements from dietary water. Our results support that human activities (inc. livestock herding) induce broad scale top-down regulation in landscape use by our target species, which are then susceptible to resource-driven bottom-up forces at a finer scale. These constraints reflect differences between the realized and expected conservation value of Iona National Park, because human-occupied areas force wildlife to suboptimal habitats. Additionally, we found significant stretches of the landscape to be co-occupied by wildlife and livestock, increasing competition for already limited resources. Our results are useful for informing conservation actions, namely through protected area zonation. Securing exclusive access to key resources by wildlife could be of utmost importance to ensure the long-term survival of these species, and to foster sustained human-wildlife coexistence.
