Goethe’s “Comparirte Anatomy” as a foundation for the growth of theoretical and applied biomedical sciences in Jena

In this overview, we aim to outline the development of German morphology and comparative anatomy, concentrating on the “Jena school” since it played the crucial role in the growth of these disciplines. We highlight the outstanding role of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe in this process and exemplify the ways he exercised influence on theoretical and applied biosciences. Goethe crucially influenced all methodological currents of comparative anatomy, and laid foundations for both theoretical and applied research programmes. The latter included the whole range of biosciences and medical sciences including veterinary medicine. Goethe’s idea to concentrate at a single location both fundamental biological research and practical medical and veterinary studies was crucial for the success of the Jena school.