A comprehensive study on battery electric modeling approaches based on machine learning

Battery electric modeling is a central aspect to improve the battery development process as well as to monitor battery system behavior. Besides conventional physical models, machine learning methods show great potential to learn this task using in-vehicle data. However, the performance of data-driven approaches differs significantly depending on their application and utilized data set. Hence, a comparison among these methods is required beforehand to select the optimal candidate for a given task.In this work, we address this problem and evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of a wide range of possible machine learning approaches for battery electric modeling. In a comprehensive study, various conventional regression methods and neural networks are analyzed. Each method is trained and optimized based on a large and qualitative data set of automotive driving profiles. In order to account for the influence of time-dependent battery processes, both low pass filters and sliding window approaches are investigated.As a result, neural networks are found to be superior compared to conventional regression methods in terms of accuracy and model complexity. In particular, Feedforward and Convolutional Neural Networks provide the smallest average error deviations of around 0.16%, which corresponds to an RMSE of 5.57mV on battery cell level. With automotive time series data as focus, neural networks additionally benefit from their ability to learn continuously. This key capability keeps the battery models updated at low computational costs and accounts for changing electrical behavior as the battery ages during operation. © 2021, The Author(s).