Causal order identification to address confounding: binary variables

This paper considers an extension of the linear non-Gaussian acyclic model (LiNGAM) that determines the causal order among variables from a dataset when the variables are expressed by a set of linear equations, including noise. In particular, we assume that the variables are binary. The existing LiNGAM assumes that no confounding is present, which is restrictive in practice. Based on the concept of independent component analysis (ICA), this paper proposes an extended framework in which the mutual information among the noises is minimized. Another significant contribution is to reduce the realization to the shortest path problem, in which the distance between each pair of nodes expresses an associated mutual information value, and the path with the minimum sum (KL divergence) is sought. Although p! mutual information values should be compared, this paper dramatically reduces the computation when no confounding is present. The proposed algorithm finds the globally optimal solution, while the existing approaches locally greedily seek the order based on hypothesis testing. We use the best estimator in the sense of Bayes/MDL that correctly detects independence for mutual information estimation. Experiments using artificial and actual data show that the proposed version of LiNGAM achieves significantly better performance, particularly when confounding is present. © 2021, The Behaviormetric Society.