The eradication of Helicobacter pylori is at present widely recognized as the adequate therapeutic approach for gastric and duodenal ulcers in infected patients. In those with dyspepsia but no ulcer as well as in those with type B chronic gastritis, eradication remains controversial. It is difficult to have a clear opinion on the advantages and disadvantages of the numerous existing therapies. Therefore, a systematic review of published treatments has been made by the authors. Ideally, the eradication treatment of H. pylori should have the following advantages: 1. eradication superior to 90%. 2. simplicity. 3. short duration. 4. safety. 5. low cost. 6. reproducibility of results. Dual therapies (2 antibiotics or a proton pump inhibitor in combination with an antibiotic) rarely allow an eradication greater than 90% and the results have poor reproductibility. Consequently, they do not represent an ideal anti‐H. pylori treatment. Triple therapies come closer to the requirements for an ideal treatment, with eradication rates generally close to 90%, varying little between studies and the countries in which they were performed. The triple therapy bismuth‐imidazole‐tetracycline (or amoxicillin) still represents for many authors the standard reference therapy. It has the advantage of low cost, high efficacy and widespread use. It is the therapy that has been the most studied. However, the increasing emergence of strains resistant to imidazoles, the complexity of the treatment (10 to 12 tablets per day), the numerous adverse effects and the lack of availability of bismuth salts in certain countries has led to the elaboration of therapeutic schemes combining an antisecretory drug with 2 antibiotics. Among these, the combination PPI‐clarithromycine‐imidazole during 7 days represents the most studied triple therapy of short duration. For some authors, it already represents a new standard. However, the efficacy of this therapy seems dependent on the sensitivity of the bacteria to imidazoles. Consequently, this combination cannot be considered as the ideal anti‐H. pylori treatment in the areas where the prevalence of strains resistant to imidazoles is high. The association PPI‐clarithromycine‐amoxicillin appears on the contrary to be very effective against strains resistant to metronidazole and therefore could constitute the treatment of choice in population with high prevalence of such strains. Great hope is currently surrounding the finalization of a vaccine directed against the urease of the bacteria. This approach would allow both the treatment and the prevention of Helicobacter pylori infection on a large scale.
