Spatiotemporal dynamics of underwater conical shock wave focusing

The paper presents an experimental study on spatiotemporal dynamics of conical shock waves focusing in water. A multichannel pulsed electrohydraulic discharge source with a cylindrical ceramic-coated electrode was used. Time-resolved visualizations revealed that cylindrical pressure waves were focused to produce conical shock wave reflection over the axis of symmetry in water. Positive and negative pressures of 372 MPa and -17\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$-17$$\end{document} MPa at the focus with 0.48 mm lateral and 22 mm axial extension (-6\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$-6$$\end{document} dB) were measured by a fiber-optic probe hydrophone. The results clearly show the propagation process leading to the high-intensity underwater shock wave. Such strong and sharp shock wave focusing offers better localization for extracorporeal lithotripsy or other non-invasive medical shock wave procedures.