Design and analysis of a 2 × 2 microstrip ratch antenna array based on periodic and non-periodic photonic crystals substrate in THz

In recent years, large demand for an antenna with high gain and larger bandwidth is required. In this paper, a 2×2\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$2\times 2$$\end{document} microstrip patch antenna array is designed and analyzed based on different substrates including periodic, non-periodic photonic crystals and homogeneous substrates. The proposed antenna array is designed to operate around 0.65 THz, which has applications in sensing and communication technologies. The simulated results showed that the designed antenna array based on periodic photonic crystals performed better than the conventional antenna array in terms of return loss, bandwidth, VSWR, gain, and radiation efficiency around 0.65 THz. Moreover, the performance of the proposed antenna array based on periodic photonic crystals is investigated by designing three other antenna arrays by using non-periodic photonic crystals substrate, which is divided into several sets of air holes, where each set of air holes had a different radius. The simulated results showed that the return loss, bandwidth, gain and radiation efficiency were improved by using non-periodic photonic crystals substrate compared to periodic photonic crystals substrate. The highest radiation characteristics were achieved by the fourth antenna array, which obtained a wide bandwidth greater than 291 GHz, whereas the return loss, gain and radiation efficiency were -6\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$-6$$\end{document}3.62 dB, 13.70 dB and 92.45%\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\%$$\end{document}, respectively at a resonance frequency of 0.628 THz. The simulation has been performed using two different simulation techniques, CST Microwave Studio based on the finite integration technique and Ansys HFSS based on finite element technique which showed the convergence.