Blue and Near-Ultraviolet Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Lasers

Vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) based on gallium nitride semiconductor heterostructures represent a contemporary focus of research, the aim of which is to develop a new class of planar microdevices in the blue, violet, and near-ultraviolet ranges. We review recent progress in this exploratory area, to highlight the challenges and scientific excitement associated with the efforts that are under way to create flexible, short-wavelength sources for applications expected to range from biomedical diagnostics to solid-state displays and lighting.