A characteristic dynamic mode decomposition

Temporal or spatial structures are readily extracted from complex data by modal decompositions like proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) or dynamic mode decomposition (DMD). Subspaces of such decompositions serve as reduced order models and define either spatial structures in time or temporal structures in space. On the contrary, convecting phenomena pose a major problem to those decompositions. A structure traveling with a certain group velocity will be perceived as a plethora of modes in time or space, respectively. This manifests itself for example in poorly decaying singular values when using a POD. The poor decay is counterintuitive, since a single structure is expected to be represented by a few modes. The intuition proves to be correct, and we show that in a properly chosen reference frame along the characteristics defined by the group velocity, a POD or DMD reduces moving structures to a few modes, as expected. Beyond serving as a reduced model, the resulting entity can be used to define a constant or minimally changing structure in turbulent flows. This can be interpreted as an empirical counterpart to exact coherent structures. We present the method and its application to a head vortex of a compressible starting jet.