Estradiol and triiodothyronine differentially modulate reproductive and thyroidal genes in male goldfish

While the reproductive and thyroidal systems are extensively studied in fish, they are largely studied in isolation from one another, but there is evidence supporting cross-regulation between these two systems. To better understand hormone action and the potential cross-regulation between estrogen and thyroid hormones, we examined gene expression changes in estrogen receptor (ER) and thyroid receptor (TR) subtypes and key enzymes responsible for the local synthesis and availability of estrogen and thyroid hormones (aromatase B and deiodinase, respectively) in sexually regressed, adult, male goldfish in response to 3 days waterborne exposures to 17β-estradiol (E2; 1 nM), triiodothyronine (T3; 20 and 100 nM), and co-treatments thereof. Treatments with E2 alone did not effect ER subtype transcripts in the liver, telencephalon, or testis; however, in the testis, 1 nM T3 decreased ERα and ERβ1 and co-treatments of T3 and E2 decreased ERβ1 levels. TRα-1 and TRβ transcripts were not auto-regulated by T3 or cross-regulated by E2. Although deiodinase type I levels were also unaffected, deiodinase type II decreased in response to T3 treatments. Liver deiodinase type III transcripts increased in response to T3 treatments, while E2 exhibited antagonistic effects on this T3-mediated induction. These results provide novel evidence of cross-talk between the reproductive and thyroid endocrine axes in a model teleost.