Effectiveness of fungal bacterial biofertilizers on agrobiochemical attributes of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa willd.) under salinity stress

The effects of fungi and bacteria biofertilizers under salinity stress were studied on some morphological and physiological traits of quinoa. The experiment was conducted as a factorial based on a completely randomized design with three replications. The factors included NaCl (no salinity-150 mM NaCl and 300 mM NaCl), Trichoderma (no Trichoderma and Trichoderma), and bacterial biofertilizers (no biofertilizer-N biofertilizer and P biofertilizer). The highest shoot and root length and dry weight were observed in the treatment of no salinity + no Trichoderma + N biofertilizer. Salinity increased Na + and K + content and decreased K + /Na + ratio, whereas the application of Trichoderma alleviated the effect of salinity on these factors. Ca2+/Na+ and Mg2+/Na+ ratios were significantly decreased in high salinity level compared to the zero salinity level. The highest and lowest phenol content was observed in the treatments of 300 mM NaCl + Trichoderma + P biofertilizer and no salinity + no Trichoderma + N biofertilizer, respectively. Flavonoid content was higher in the treatments of no salinity + Trichoderma + N biofertilizer and no salinity + Trichoderma + P biofertilizer than in the other treatments, also The high-performance liquid chromatography analysis revealed that all phenolic and flavonoid compounds exhibited the greatest increase in treatments of no salinity + Trichoderma + N biofertilizer and no salinity + Trichoderma + P biofertilizer, which is consistent with the significant increase in total flavonoid content in these treatments. The results showed that using N biofertilizer can improve the growth and development of quinoa in saline soils.