Growth of large-area, few-layer graphene by femtosecond pulsed laser deposition with double-layer Ni catalyst

We demonstrated a simple method of fabricating large-area, few-layer graphene that involves performing femtosecond pulsed laser deposition at a relatively low temperature of 500 °C and a high pressure of 10-5\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$^{-5}$$\end{document} Torr using a double-layer Ni catalyst. The average thickness of the resulting graphene films was less than 3 nm, their average area was more than 1 cm2\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$^{2}$$\end{document}, and their electrical resistivity was only 0.44 mΩ.cm\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${\rm m}\Omega .{\rm cm}$$\end{document}. The laser deposition process was also conducted at different laser energies, and it was observed that the quality of the few-layer graphene could be improved using a double-layer catalyst at a higher laser energy. The ejection of C clusters by breaking the C–C bonds of the HOPG through multi-photon ionization can explain the observed graphene formation characteristics. The insights may facilitate the controllable synthesis of large-area, mono-layer graphene and promote the commercialize application of the graphene.