The introduction of recycled-aggregate concrete specifications in Japan and the research into the freezing–thawing resistance of recycled-aggregate concrete

In Japan, recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) and recycled-aggregate concrete (RAC) are standardized in the Japanese Industrial Standards (JIS) A 5021–5023. The differences between the specifications in JIS and those in foreign countries are explained. In Japan, the durability of RAC under severe conditions, particularly freezing and thawing with/without deicing salt is recently being studied to facilitate its use. In this paper, the test method for freezing and thawing durability of recycled concrete aggregate and the specification of precast concrete made with recycled aggregate, which can be used in freezing and thawing circumstance with deicing salt are described.