Progress and perspective on rechargeable magnesium-ion batteries

Current electrochemical energy storage technology has evolved a variety of rechargeable battery systems. Recently, the resource shortage of raw materials in commercially available lithium-ion batteries has attracted widespread attention. The requirements to meet resourcefulness, sustainability, safety, and high energy density have motivated the development of rechargeable magnesium-ion batteries (RMBs). Although RMBs have made significant progress so far, there are still many obstacles to practical orientation. We systematically summarize the significant progress and the latest research on RMBs, including Mg2+-conducting electrolytes, Mg2+-storage cathodes, and Mg-based anodes. In this review, we mainly introduce the properties and features of various Mg2+-conductive electrolytes, the mainstream cathode materials, and their respective Mg2+-storage mechanisms, as well as the Mg metal (or alloy) anodes and the corresponding modification strategies. Finally, the future directions in various key components for RMBs are highlighted.