The ability to use heart rate (fh) to predict oxygen consumption rates (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \dot{V}_{{{\text{O}}_{2} }} $$\end{document}) in Steller sea lions and other pinnipeds has been investigated in fasting animals. However, it is unknown whether established fh:\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \dot{V}_{{{\text{O}}_{2} }} $$\end{document} relationships hold under more complex physiological situations, such as when animals are feeding or digesting. We assessed whether fh could accurately predict \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \dot{V}_{{{\text{O}}_{2} }} $$\end{document} in trained Steller sea lions while fasting and after being fed. Using linear mixed-effects models, we derived unique equations to describe the fh:\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \dot{V}_{{{\text{O}}_{2} }} $$\end{document} relationship for fasted sea lions resting on land and in water. Feeding did not significantly change the fh:\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \dot{V}_{{{\text{O}}_{2} }} $$\end{document} relationship on land. However, Steller sea lions in water displayed a different fh:\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \dot{V}_{{{\text{O}}_{2} }} $$\end{document} relationship after consuming a 4-kg meal compared with the fasting condition. Incorporating comparable published fh:\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \dot{V}_{{{\text{O}}_{2} }} $$\end{document} data from Steller sea lions showed a distinct effect of feeding after a 6-kg meal. Ultimately, our study illustrated that both feeding and physical environment are statistically relevant when deriving \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \dot{V}_{{{\text{O}}_{2} }} $$\end{document} from telemetered fh, but that only environment affects the practical ability to predict metabolism from fh. Updating current bioenergetic models with data gathered using these predictive fh:\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \dot{V}_{{{\text{O}}_{2} }} $$\end{document} equations will yield more accurate estimates of metabolic rates of free-ranging Steller sea lions under a variety of physiological, behavioral, and environmental states.
