Acclimatization and Foraging of Native Brazilian Stingless Bees in Arenas with Covering Materials of Different Spectral Properties

The use of Meliponini for crop pollination in protected environments is practically non-existent. One of the reasons is the difficulty of acclimatizing Meliponini to the temperature and light conditions inside greenhouses. We investigated how covering materials used in greenhouses, which filter different intensities of ultraviolet (UV) light, affect the foraging behaviors, flight orientation, attraction to walls and ceilings, and mortality of Scaptotrigona cf. postica (Letreille), Frieseomelitta varia (Lepeletier), and Melipona quadrifasciata (Lepeletier). The experiments were conducted in 5.3 m3 arenas covered with four types of plastic films that do not polarize sunlight, with UV transmittance levels ranging from 0.1 to 54%, compared to a transparent glass control. The temperature inside the arenas varied between treatments, from 27 +/- 3 degrees C to 31 +/- 2 degrees C. All three species collected resources and returned to the colony, regardless of the covering material. However, the proportion of this behavior, the number of bees attracted to the ceiling and wall, and mortality varied among treatments and/or throughout the confinement days for each species. Melipona quadrifasciata and F. varia acclimatized better to the confined environments than S. cf. postica and showed consistent resource collection behavior throughout the confinement days in all tested materials, except for the one that filtered around 90% of UV. In all three species, the mortality gradually decreased throughout the confinement days. The results indicate that the choice of covering material, considering its optical characteristics, can be crucial to ensure greater effectiveness of the pollination services provided by stingless bees in protected systems.