Risk factors associated with neonatal mortality among neonates admitted to neonatal intensive care unit of the University Teaching Hospital in Lusaka

Globally, several children die shortly after birth and many more of them within the first 28 days of life. Sub-Sharan Africa accounts for almost half (43%) of the global neonatal death with slow progress in reduction. These neonatal deaths are associated with lack of quality care at or immediately after birth and in the first 28 days of life. This study aimed to determine the trends and risk factors of facility-based neonatal mortality in a major referral hospital in Lusaka, Zambia. We conducted retrospective analysis involving all neonates admitted in the University Teaching Hospital Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (UTH-NICU) in Lusaka from January 2018 to December 2019 (N = 2340). We determined the trends and assessed the factors associated with facility-based neonatal mortality using Generalized Linear Models (GLM) with a Poisson distribution and log link function. Overall, the facility-based neonatal mortality was 40.2% (95% CI 38.0–42.0) per 1000 live births for the 2-year period with a slight decline in mortality rate from 42.9% (95% CI 40.0–46.0) in 2018 to 37.3% (95% CI 35.0–40.0) in 2019. In a final multivariable model, home delivery (ARR: 1.70, 95% CI 1.46–1.96), preterm birth (ARR: 1.59, 95% CI 1.36–1.85), congenital anomalies (ARR: 1.59, 95% CI 1.34–1.88), low birthweight (ARR: 1.57, 95% CI 1.37–1.79), and health centre delivery (ARR: 1.48, 95% CI 1.25–1.75) were independently associated with increase in facility-based neonatal mortality. Conversely, hypothermia (ARR: 0.36, 95% CI 0.22–0.60), antenatal attendance (ARR: 0.76, 95% CI 0.68–0.85), and 1-day increase in neonatal age (ARR: 0.96, 95% CI 0.95–0.97) were independently associated with reduction in facility-based neonatal mortality. In this hospital-based study, neonatal mortality was high compared to the national and global targets. The improvement in neonatal survival observed in this study may be due to interventions including Kangaroo mother care already being implemented. Early identification and interventions to reduce the impact of risks factors of neonatal mortality in Zambia are important.