Numerical modeling of entropy production in Al2O3/H2O nanofluid flowing through a novel Bessel-like converging pipe

Optimization of thermal systems requires higher heat transfer rate and lower entropy production rate. The review of literature shows that there are limited works on entropy production rate of nanofluids flowing through a converging pipe as the available ones only considered entropy production rate in a linear converging pipe. In this study, a 2D-computational fluid dynamic model is set up to investigate entropy production rate of Al2O3 nanofluid flowing through novel Bessel-like convergent pipes in laminar flow regime. The effect of Reynolds number 300≤Re≤1200\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\left( {300 \le {\text{Re}} \le 1200} \right)$$\end{document}, nanoparticle concentration 0≤φ≤0.1\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\left( {0 \le \varphi \le 0.1} \right)$$\end{document}, and convergent index n=0-3\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\left( {n = 0 - 3} \right)$$\end{document} on the entropy production rate, heat transfer effectiveness number, and irreversibility distribution ratio were considered. The results obtained revealed that increase in convergent index enhances viscous entropy production rate, but diminishes thermal entropy production rate. For instance, the reduction in thermal entropy production rate at Re=900\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${\text{Re}} = 900$$\end{document} between pipe corresponds to n=0\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$n = 0$$\end{document} and n=3\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$n = 3$$\end{document} was 51.98% while the increase in viscous entropy production rate was 753.65%. Furthermore, a new correlation was developed using response surface methodology to estimate the entropy production rate as a function of the Reynolds number, nanoparticle concentration, and convergence index. The overall result shows that the usage of converging pipe in place of straight pipe is more advantageous.