Photobacterium damselae subsp. damselae in mariculture

Photobacterium damselae subsp. damselae affects many marine animals; it is currently considered an emerging pathogen because of its wide geographic distribution as well as its negative impact on aquaculture organisms, which continues to increase over the years. Due to numerous epidemics caused by the ever-increasing presence of P. damselae subsp. damselae in aquatic environments, substantial research has been carried out to elucidate its virulence mechanisms and develop rapid detection techniques, though effective prevention and control strategies for this pathogen are almost non-existent. In this review, we have expanded the understanding of the infective potential of P. damselae subsp. damselae, and describe its ability to cause disease in several animal phyla. In addition, we described the different virulence factors reported to date and presented the different types of detection methods, including molecular ones that were used to achieve precise and specific identification of P. damselae subsp. damselae. Preventive measures and useful therapeutic strategies to counter outbreaks of P. damselae subsp. damselae were also discussed. This paper aims to summarize the current state of knowledge on P. damselae subsp. damselae, in particular on pathogenesis, known virulence factors, and different diagnostics methods. In conclusion, this review suggests that future research will be required with a focus on prevention and control strategies for this pathogen that causes heavy losses in the aquaculture industry.