Principles and Applicability of Integrated Remediation Strategies for Heavy Metal Removal/Recovery from Contaminated Environments

Contamination of agricultural soils with heavy metals present lethal consequences in terms of diverse ecological and environmental problems that entail entry of metal in food chain, soil deterioration, plant growth suppression, yield reduction and alteration in microbial community. Metal polluted soils have become a major concern for scientists around the globe. In more recent times, armed with new knowledge and understanding, removal of heavy metals using different applications has emerged as a solution for waste treatment and contaminant remediation in water and soil. However, the description of metal toxicity to the plants and its removal and degradation from the soil is limited. There are a number of reports in the literature where PGP bacterial inoculation and various chelating agents improves metal accumulation and it’s detoxification in different plant parts without influencing plant growth. Therefore, there is a need to select some useful chemicals which possess the potential to improve plant growth as well as expedite the phytoremediation of metals. In this review, we have discussed the mechanisms possessed by different chelating agents to promote plant growth and phytoremediation of metals. We anticipate that this analysis of interconnected systems will lead to the discovery of new research fields.