Discrimination between vegetable oil and animal fat by a metabolomics approach using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry combined with chemometrics

Adulteration of olive oil with the other cheap oils and fats plays an important role in economics and has nutritional benefits. In this work, metabolite profiling was performed using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry to identify and quantify animal fat (lard) adulteration in vegetable oil (olive oil). Principal component analysis could correctly identify and clustering olive oil, sunflower oil, sesame oil, lard, and adulterated samples through the changes in their fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) profile. A targeted metabolomics method was then optimized and validated through construction of calibration curves of known FAMSs in olive oil and lard. The method was presented high linearity (R2 > 0.96) and good intra and inter day accuracy and precision (79–101 and 86–102% and 2–7 and 3–7, respectively) for determination of FAMEs. Afterwards the absolute concentration and relative percentage of FAMEs were successfully determined in 12 commercial olive oils and 3 lards samples. Methyl myristate, methyl palmitate, methyl oleate, and methyl stearate were selected as discriminant markers to identify and quantify lard adulteration even at a low level of lard (5%w/w), with errors less than 2% in the comparison of the absolute or relative concentrations of FAMEs using several statistical methods. The proposed methodology allowed us to quantify the FAMEs simultaneously and also could predict small amount of lard in the adulterated olive oil samples.