Construction of the Sophia Observation withdrawal Symptoms-scale (SOS) for critically ill children

[1] Anand KJ(1994)Opioid tolerance and dependence in infants and children Crit Care Med 22 334-342

[2] Arnold JH(2000)Tolerance, withdrawal, and physical dependency after long-term sedation and analgesia of children in the pediatric intensive care unit Crit Care Med 28 2122-2132

[3] Tobias JD(2007)Withdrawal symptoms in children after long-term administration of sedatives and/or analgesics: a literature review. “Assessment remains troublesome” Intensive Care Med 33 1396-1406

[4] Ista E(2004)Managing sedation withdrawal in children who undergo prolonged PICU admission after discharge to the ward Paediatr Anaesth 14 293-298

[5] van Dijk M(2004)Opioid and benzodiazepine withdrawal symptoms in paediatric intensive care patients Intensive Crit Care Nurs 20 344-351

[6] Gamel C(1975)Assessment and treatment of abstinence in the infant of the drug-dependent mother Int J Clin Pharmacol Biopharm 12 19-32

[7] Tibboel D(2008)The Withdrawal Assessment Tool-1 (WAT-1): an assessment instrument for monitoring opioid and benzodiazepine withdrawal symptoms in pediatric patients Pediatr Crit Care Med 9 573-580

[8] de Hoog M(2006)State Behavioral Scale: a sedation assessment instrument for infants and young children supported on mechanical ventilation Pediatr Crit Care Med 7 107-114

[9] Cunliffe M(2008)Withdrawal symptoms in critically ill children after long-term administration of sedatives and/or analgesics: a first evaluation Crit Care Med 36 2427-2432

[10] McArthur L(1979)Intraclass correlations: uses in assessing rater reliability Psychol Bull 86 420-428

[1] Anand KJ(1994)Opioid tolerance and dependence in infants and children Crit Care Med 22 334-342

[2] Arnold JH(2000)Tolerance, withdrawal, and physical dependency after long-term sedation and analgesia of children in the pediatric intensive care unit Crit Care Med 28 2122-2132

[3] Tobias JD(2007)Withdrawal symptoms in children after long-term administration of sedatives and/or analgesics: a literature review. “Assessment remains troublesome” Intensive Care Med 33 1396-1406

[4] Ista E(2004)Managing sedation withdrawal in children who undergo prolonged PICU admission after discharge to the ward Paediatr Anaesth 14 293-298

[5] van Dijk M(2004)Opioid and benzodiazepine withdrawal symptoms in paediatric intensive care patients Intensive Crit Care Nurs 20 344-351

[6] Gamel C(1975)Assessment and treatment of abstinence in the infant of the drug-dependent mother Int J Clin Pharmacol Biopharm 12 19-32

[7] Tibboel D(2008)The Withdrawal Assessment Tool-1 (WAT-1): an assessment instrument for monitoring opioid and benzodiazepine withdrawal symptoms in pediatric patients Pediatr Crit Care Med 9 573-580

[8] de Hoog M(2006)State Behavioral Scale: a sedation assessment instrument for infants and young children supported on mechanical ventilation Pediatr Crit Care Med 7 107-114

[9] Cunliffe M(2008)Withdrawal symptoms in critically ill children after long-term administration of sedatives and/or analgesics: a first evaluation Crit Care Med 36 2427-2432

[10] McArthur L(1979)Intraclass correlations: uses in assessing rater reliability Psychol Bull 86 420-428