Ecological and health risk assessment of potentially toxic elements in Ewaso Nyiro River surface water, Kenya

被引：1
作者：
Njuguna S.M. [1 ,2 ,3 ]
Githaiga K.B. [1 ,2 ,3 ]
Onyango J.A. [1 ,2 ,3 ]
Gituru R.W. [2 ,4 ]
Yan X. [1 ,2 ,3 ]
机构：
[1] Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan
[2] Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan
[3] University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing
[4] Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Juja
来源：
SN Applied Sciences | 2021年 / 3卷 / 02期
关键词：
Ewaso Nyiro; Heavy metals; Nutrients; Risk assessment; Water quality;
D O I：
10.1007/s42452-020-04067-1
中图分类号：
学科分类号：
摘要：
Ewaso Nyiro basin covers an area of about 210,226 km2, 36.3%, of Kenya drainage area and bears 5.8% of Kenya water potential with an annual yield of 1469 million m3. The river is the principal source of domestic and irrigation water to the arid north of Kenya. To determine metal and nutrient concentration of Ewaso Nyiro River surface water, a total of 30 water samples, 15 samples each for dry (February) and wet (August) seasons of 2019, were collected. Chromium, lead, iron, manganese, cobalt, cadmium, mercury, selenium, molybdenum, boron, copper, zinc, arsenic, nickel, aluminum, total phosphorus and nitrate were analyzed in the two seasons. Ecological risk assessment was determined by calculating contamination factor, pollution load index and ecological risk index. Multivariate statistical analysis was used to infer pollutants association and identify their potential sources. Cadmium, arsenic, lead, molybdenum, mercury, selenium and nickel were not detected in both seasons, while manganese, iron and aluminum were the main pollutants identified. Ewaso Nyiro irrigation water had a manganese contamination factor of 9.17, implying it was very contaminated. Twenty-seven and 40% of sampled sites in dry and wet seasons, respectively, had more than 0.3 mg/L of iron that is recommended by USEPA in drinking water. Herbicides, leached fertilizer and fuel leaking into the river water were the primary sources of anthropogenic pollution. © 2021, The Author(s).
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