Watermarking techniques for three-dimensional (3D) mesh models: a survey

Multimedia data play an important role in many areas such as business, medicine, and entertainment. Multimedia contents are often vulnerable to malicious interventions due to the advancement in multimedia innovations. It is, therefore, highly necessary to verify the integrity and authenticity of multimedia content through appropriate security measures. This increases the need to establish a range of watermarking schemes for several security purposes, including copyrights and authentication. Digital watermarking has proven an effective and influential approach for 3D models among various other authentication strategies. In this study, an in-depth review of different types of 3D model representations, watermarking techniques in spectral and spatial domains along with most common attacks that can be applied to them are presented. The paper concludes with a set of observations along with some of the research issues and challenges which are needed to be studied further.