Whispering-gallery-mode sensors for biological and physical sensing

被引:159
作者
Yu, Deshui [1 ]
Humar, Matjaz [2 ,3 ,4 ]
Meserve, Krista [5 ]
Bailey, Ryan C. [5 ]
Chormaic, Sile Nic [6 ]
Vollmer, Frank [1 ]
机构
[1] Univ Exeter, Living Syst Inst, Phys & Astron, Exeter, Devon, England
[2] J Stefan Inst, Condensed Matter Dept, Ljubljana, Slovenia
[3] Univ Ljubljana, Fac Math & Phys, Ljubljana, Slovenia
[4] CENN Nanoctr, Ljubljana, Slovenia
[5] Univ Michigan, Dept Chem, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
[6] Okinawa Inst Sci & Technol Grad Univ, Onna, Okinawa, Japan
来源
NATURE REVIEWS METHODS PRIMERS | 2021年 / 1卷 / 01期
基金
英国工程与自然科学研究理事会; 欧洲研究理事会; 英国生物技术与生命科学研究理事会; 美国国家卫生研究院;
关键词
PHOTONIC MICRORING RESONATORS; PARITY-TIME SYMMETRY; LABEL-FREE; REAL-TIME; FREQUENCY STABILIZATION; MICROBUBBLE RESONATORS; NANOPARTICLE DETECTION; MULTIPLEXED DETECTION; SPONTANEOUS EMISSION; OPTICAL MEASUREMENT;
D O I
10.1038/s43586-021-00079-2
中图分类号
O [数理科学和化学]; P [天文学、地球科学]; Q [生物科学]; N [自然科学总论];
学科分类号
07 ; 0710 ; 09 ;
摘要
The term whispering gallery mode (WGM) was first introduced to describe the curvilinear propagation of sound waves under a cathedral dome. The physical concept has now been generalized to include light waves that are continuously reflected along the closed concave surface of an optical cavity such as a glass microsphere. The circular path of the internally reflected light results in constructive interference and optical resonance, a morphology-dependent resonance that is suitable for interferometric sensing. WGM resonators are miniature micro-interferometers that use the multiple-cavity passes of light for very sensitive measurements at the microscale and nanoscale, including single-molecule and ion measurements. This Primer introduces various WGM sensors based on glass microspheres, microtoroids, microcapillaries and silicon microrings. We describe the sensing mechanisms, including mode splitting and resonance shift, exceptional-point-enhanced sensing and optomechanical and optoplasmonic signal transductions. Applications and experimental results cover in vivo and single-molecule sensing, gyroscopes and microcavity quantum electrodynamics. We also discuss data analysis methods and the limitations of WGM techniques. Finally, we provide an outlook for molecule, in vivo and quantum sensing.
引用
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页数:22
相关论文
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