Formulae for the secondary electron yield and total stopping power from 0.8 keV to 10 keV for metals

Based on the range–energy relationship, the characteristics of secondary electron emission, some relationship between the secondary electron yield δ and experimental results, the universal formulae for δ0.8−2 (the subscript indicates that the energy range of primary energy at the surface Wpo is from 0.8 keV to 2 keV) and δ2−10 for metals were deduced. The δ0.8−10 calculated with the universal formulae and the δ0.8−10 measured experimentally were compared, and the scattering of δ for the same metal was analysed. Finally, we concluded that the formulae were universal for δ0.8−10 for metals. On the basis of some relationship between parameters of δ, we deduce a formula for expressing total stopping power S0.8−10 as a function of S10−30, δ0.8−10, δ10−30, backscattered coefficient η0.8−10, η10−30 and Wpo. The calculated S0.8−10 were compared with the values measured experimentally and it was concluded that the formula to estimate S0.8−10 was universal for metals.