RETRACTED: Toward a sustainable environment: nexus between consumption-based carbon emissions, economic growth, renewable energy and technological innovation in Brazil (Retracted Article)

This research investigates the drivers of consumption-based carbon emissions in Brazil by using a dataset covering the period between 1990 and 2018. These dynamics were examined by employing the ARDL bounds, DOLS, and gradual shift causality tests. The ARDL long- and short-run estimation outcomes reveal that: (a) renewable energy use stimulates the sustainability of the environment; (b) economic growth increases environmental degradation; and (c) technological innovation enhances the quality of the environment. In addition, the gradual shift causality test results disclosed that renewable energy consumption, economic growth, technological innovation and public-private partnership investment in energy can predict consumption-based carbon emissions in Brazil. Therefore, Brazilian policymakers should actively encourage the R&D of low-carbon technologies and renewable energy consumption. Domestic consumption levels, on the other hand, should be targeted, specifically those that are more energy-intensive and cause a rise in CO2 emissions due to consumption.