In vitro flowering of indica rice (Oryza sativa L. spp. indica)

Nodal explants of rice cultivar Pathumthani 1 (PT1; short-day photoperiod insensitive) were collected, surface-disinfected, and cultured on modified MS medium under in vitro conditions for 90 d. A total of 60% nodal explants generated flowering plantlets (with one inflorescence per cluster). The net photosynthetic rate was greater, and soluble sugars (including glucose, fructose, and sucrose) accumulated to higher levels in the leaves of flowering as compared to non-flowering plants. In contrast, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, and total carotenoid content were enriched to a greater degree in the leaves of non-flowering as compared to flowering plants. Also, growth performance parameters, including plant height, number of leaves per plant, leaf area, fresh weight, and dry weight of plantlets derived from seedlings were superior to those of plantlets derived from nodal explants. In addition, the protocol proved to successfully induce flowering in KDML 105, a short-day photoperiod-sensitive rice cultivar.