A Diagnostic Approach to Stroke in Young Adults

被引：9
作者：
Stack C.A. [1 ]
Cole J.W. [2 ]
机构：
[1] Department of Neurology, University of Maryland Medical Center, 16 South Eutaw Street Suite 300, Baltimore, 21201, MD
[2] Department of Neurology, Baltimore VA Medical Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 12th Floor, Bressler Building, Room 12-006, 655 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, 21201-1559, MD
来源：
Current Treatment Options in Cardiovascular Medicine | 2017年 / 19卷 / 11期
关键词：
Arterial dissection; Cardioembolic stroke; Genetic strokes; Stroke in young; Stroke prevention; Stroke therapy;
D O I：
10.1007/s11936-017-0587-6
中图分类号：
学科分类号：
摘要：
Optimal diagnosis and management of stroke in young adults benefit from a multidisciplinary team, including a vascular neurology specialist. In addition to the “standard” vascular risk factors including smoking, hypertension, diabetes, and hyperlipidemia, one needs to consider alternative etiologies including substance abuse, carotid/vertebral artery dissections, and rare genetic conditions among others. Once a young patient is determined to have had a stroke, the next question a clinician should ask is why did this patient have a stroke? A “heart to head” diagnostic approach is recommended. A thorough history is performed, including a detailed family history with specific annotations on each family member. A thorough physical examination is necessary including a careful evaluation of the patient’s general appearance, noting any joint laxity, and/or abnormalities of the skin, eyes, and heart. Findings across multiple organ systems in the patient and/or their family may indicate a genetic etiology. After an initial head CT rules out hemorrhagic stroke, additional testing should include a brain MRI, neck and cerebral vascular imaging (e.g., CTA for head and neck), transthoracic echocardiogram with a bubble study, telemetry monitoring, basic risk factor blood work (e.g., lipid panel, hemoglobin A1c, TSH, ESR, CRP, RPR, HIV, and toxicology screen), and, when appropriate, sickle screen and pregnancy test. There should be a low threshold to obtain blood cultures or a lumbar puncture. The acute treatment of ischemic stroke in young adult patients does not differ from treatment of older adults, using intravenous alteplase within 4.5 h, assuming no contraindications. In suspected proximal large artery occlusive disease, interventional clot extraction procedures should be employed in patients deemed eligible. Long-term secondary prevention strategies aimed to reduce recurrent stroke risk by targeting and modifying vascular risk factors should be instituted. The mainstay of preventative therapy is aspirin for most etiologies; however, for atrial fibrillation, anticoagulation is recommended. Statin therapy is another pharmacologic intervention recommended in most stroke patients. Other measures employed are blood pressure reduction, smoking cessation, optimal glucose control in diabetic patients, the initiation of a healthy diet and regular exercise, and lastly, substance abuse counseling in appropriate patients. © 2017, US Government (outside the USA).
引用
收藏
相关论文
共 131 条
  • [21] Marini C., Totaro R., Carolei A., Long-term prognosis of cerebral ischemia in young adults. National Research Council Study Group on Stroke in the Young, Stroke, 30, pp. 2320-2325, (1999)
  • [22] Waje-Andreassen U., Naess H., Thomassen L., Eide G.E., Vedeler C.A., Long-term mortality among young ischemic stroke patients in western Norway, Acta Neurol Scand, 116, pp. 150-156, (2007)
  • [23] Waje-Andreassen U., Thomassen L., Jusufovic M., Power K.N., Eide G.E., Vedeler C.A., Et al., Ischaemic stroke at a young age is a serious event–final results of a population-based long-term follow-up in Western Norway, Eur J Neurol, 20, pp. 818-823, (2013)
  • [24] Heikinheimo T., Broman J., Haapaniemi E., Kaste M., Tatlisumak T., Putaala J., Preceding and poststroke infections in young adults with first-ever ischemic stroke: effect on short-term and long-term outcomes, Stroke, 44, pp. 3331-3337, (2013)
  • [25] Nedeltchev K., der Maur T.A., Georgiadis D., Arnold M., Caso V., Mattle H.P., Schroth G., Remonda L., Sturzenegger M., Fischer U., Baumgartner R.W., Ischaemic stroke in young adults: predictors of outcome and recurrence, J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 76, pp. 191-195, (2005)
  • [26] O'Sullivan M., Jarosz J.M., Martin R.J., Deasy N., Powell J.F., Markus H.S., MRI hyperintensities of the temporal lobe and external capsule in patients with CADASIL, Neurology, 56, pp. 628-634, (2001)
  • [27] Bassetti C., Carruzzo A., Sturzenegger M., Et al., Recurrence of cervical artery dissection: a prospective study of 81 patients, Stroke, 27, (1804)
  • [28] Ducrocq X., Lacour J.C., Debouverie M., Et al., Accidents vasculaires cérébraux ischemiques du sujet jeune: Étude prospective de 296 patients ages 16 a 45 ans, Rev Neurol (Paris), 155, (1999)
  • [29] Kittner S.J., Stern B.J., Wozniak M., Et al., Cerebral infarction in young adults: the Baltimore-Washington Cooperative Young Stroke Study, Neurology, 50, 4, pp. 890-894, (1998)
  • [30] Mackay M.T., Wiznitzer M., Benedict S.L., Lee K.J., Deveber G.A., Ganesan V., International Pediatric Stroke Study G. Arterial ischemic stroke risk factors: the International Pediatric Stroke Study, Ann Neurol, 69, pp. 130-140, (2011)
12345678910