Assessment of heavy metal accumulation and health risks in okra (Abelmoschus Esculentus L.) and spinach (Spinacia Oleracea L.) fertigated with wastwater

被引：8
作者：
Khaliq M.A. [1 ]
Javed M.T. [1 ]
Hussain S. [2 ]
Imran M. [2 ]
Mubeen M. [2 ]
Nasim W. [3 ]
Fahad S. [4 ]
Karuppannan S. [5 ]
Al-Taisan W.A. [6 ]
Almohamad H. [7 ,8 ]
Al Dughairi A.A. [7 ]
Al-Mutiry M. [9 ]
Alrasheedi M. [7 ,10 ]
Abdo H.G. [11 ,12 ,13 ]
机构：
[1] Department of Botany, Government College University, Faisalabad
[2] Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Vehari Campus, Punjab, Vehari
[3] Department of Agronomy, University College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur (IUB), Bahawalpur
[4] Department of Agronomy, The University of Haripur, Haripur
[5] Department of Applied Geology, School of Applied Natural Science, Adama Science & Technology University, Adama
[6] Department of Biology, College of Science, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam
[7] Department of Geography, College of Arabic Language and Social Studies, Qassim University, P.O. Box 51452, Qassim City
[8] Department of Geography, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Giessen
[9] Department of Geography, College of Arts, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh
[10] Department of Social Sciences, College of Arts, University of Ha’il, Ha’il
[11] Geography Department, Faculty of Arts and Humanities, University of Tartous, P.O. Box 2147, Tartous
[12] Geography Department, Faculty of Arts and Humanities, Damascus University, P.O. Box 30621, Damascus
[13] Geography Department, Arts and Humanities Faculty, Tishreen University, P.O. Box 30621, Lattakia
来源：
International Journal of Food Contamination | / 9卷 / 1期
关键词：
Health Risk; Heavy Metals; Vegetables; Wastewater; Water management;
D O I：
10.1186/s40550-022-00097-2
中图分类号：
学科分类号：
摘要：
In many countries like Pakistan, where crops are irrigated by wastewater, the accumulation of heavy metals is a serious problem, especially when such an irrigation is a widespread practice. The focus of this study was to know the highly toxic metals like cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), and lead (Pb) in water, agricultural soil, and crops, besides their probable risk to human health in the area of Vehari district. The physicochemical parameters were determined for the samples, including organic matter, organic carbon, pH, and electrical conductivity. Water used for irrigation, samples of vegetables for Cd, Cr, and Pb concentration, as well as transfer factor from soil to plants (TF) were analyzed for calculating the daily intake of metals (DIM) and their health risk index (HRI). The results show that the wastewater used for irrigation was contaminated with Cr (0.07mg/kg), Cd (0.054mg/kg), and Pb (0.38mg/kg). In the tube well, the concentrations of heavy metals were: Cd (0.053mg/kg), Pb (0.01mg/kg), and Cd (0.03mg/kg). Application of wastewater increased heavy metals concentration in soil and vegetables. Heavy metals concentrations in wastewater irrigated soil before sowing vegetables in mg/kg were: Pb (0.91), Cd (0.12), and Cr (0.48). After the application of wastewater, significant enrichment of wastewater was observed in Pb (1.93mg/kg), Cd (0.07mg/kg), and Cr (0.34mg/kg). Our study showed a high-risk index of food crops polluted with heavy metals and resultantly greater health risk to humans and animals. That is why preventive measures should be adopted to reduce heavy metals pollution to irrigation water and soils to protect both humans and animals in the Vehari district. © 2022, The Author(s).
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