Developing MPA performance indicators with local stakeholders’ input in the Pacific Rim National Park Reserve, Canada

Along with an increase in the establishment of marine protected areas (MPAs), the need arises to assess if designated MPAs are achieving their goals and objectives. A first step in this process is the identification of MPA performance indicators against which to evaluate MPA management. This study investigates the development of MPA performance indicators using an in situ approach by including diverse stakeholder groups in the process. The results show that local stakeholders identify a range of MPA performance indicators in all stages of the management cycle and in diverse MPA indicators categories. Statistical analysis reveals that multiple groups identify distinct performance indicators. Fishermen groups primarily mention governance performance indicators in the planning and output stage. Other groups most often cite biophysical and social outcome performance indicators. The findings demonstrate distinct management expectations towards MPA performance among included stakeholder groups. The study also shows that the integration of multiple groups is necessary for the identification of MPA performance indicators as the groups identify distinct performance indicators.