Influences of magnesium deficiency and cerium on antioxidant system of spinach chloroplasts

Magnesium-deficiency conditions applied to spinach cultures caused an oxidative stress status in spinach chloroplast monitored by an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation. The enhancement of lipids peroxide of spinach chloroplast grown in magnesium-deficiency media suggested an oxidative attack that was activated by a reduction of antioxidative defense mechanism measured by analysing the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, guaiacol peroxidase, and glutathione reductase, as well as antioxidants such as carotenoids and glutathione content. As the antioxidative response of chloroplast was reduced in spinach grown in magnesium-deficiency media, it caused a significant reduction of spinach plant weight, old leaves turning chlorosis. However, cerium treatment grown in magnesium-deficiency conditions decreased the malondialdehyde and ROS, and increased activities of the antioxidative defense system, and improved spinach growth. Together, the experimental study implied that cerium could partly substitute for magnesium and increase the oxidative stress-resistance of spinach chloroplast grown in magnesium-deficiency conditions, but the mechanisms need further study.