Eosinophilic cystitis mimicking bladder cancer—considerations on the management based upon a case report and a review of the literature

The hypereosinophilic syndrome (HES) is a rare disorder characterized by hypereosinophilia and infiltration of various organs with eosinophils. Eosinophilic cystitis (EC), mimicking bladder cancer clinically but also in ultrasound and in radiographic imaging, is one potential manifestation of the HES occurring in adults as well as in children. This case report describes the course of disease in a 57-year-old male presenting with severe gait disorders and symptoms of a low compliance bladder caused by a large retropubic tumor. After extensive urine and serologic examination and histologic confirmation of EC the patient was subjected to medical treatment with cetirizine and prednisolone for 5 weeks. While gait disorders rapidly resolved, micturition normalized only 10 months after initiation of therapy. Based upon this course the authors recommend patience and reluctance concerning radical surgical intervention in EC.Key Points• Eosinophilic cystitis is a rare condition with app. 200 cases reported, so far.• Etiology of eosinophilic cystitis is obscure, but allergies and parasitic infections may trigger the disease.• Genetic alterations (e.g., BRAF mutations) may predispose for the disease• Corticosteroids and antihistamines are the backbone of therapy and may be complemented by antibiotics and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in case of concomitant (underlying) infections.• As recovery can occur even after a long time, radical surgery should be restricted to highly selected cases.