Colloidal crystals of core–shell-type spheres in deionized aqueous suspension

The structure, crystal growth kinetics and rigidity of colloidal crystals of core–shell-type latex spheres (diameters 280–330 nm) with differences in shell rigidity have been studied in aqueous suspension, mainly by reflection spectroscopy. The suspensions were deionized exhaustively for more than 2 years using mixed-bed ion-exchange resins. The five kinds of core–shell spheres examined form colloidal crystals, where the critical sphere concentrations, ϕc, of crystallization (or melting) are high and range from 0.01 to 0.06 in volume fraction. Nearest-neighbor intersphere distances in the crystal lattice agree satisfactorily with values calculated from the sphere diameter and concentration. The crystal growth rates are between 0.1 and 0.3 s−1 and decrease slightly as the sphere concentration increases, indicating that the crystal growth rates are from the secondary process in the colloidal crystallization mechanism, corresponding to reorientation from metastable crystals formed in the primary process and/or Ostwald-ripening process. The rigidities of the crystals range from 2 to 200 Pa, and increase sharply as the sphere concentration increases. The g factor, the parameter for crystal stability, is around 0.02 irrespective of the sphere concentration and/or the kind of core–shell sphere. There are no distinct differences in the structural, kinetic and elastic properties among the colloidal crystals of the different core–shell-type spheres, showing that the internal sphere structure does not affect the properties of the colloidal crystals. The results show that colloidal crystals form in a closed container owing to long-range repulsive forces and the Brownian movement of colloidal spheres surrounded by extended electrical double layers and that their formation is not influenced by the rigidity and internal structure of the spheres.